A mole is a unit of measurement. A mole is the quantity of anything that has the same number of particles found in 12.000 grams of carbon-12. That number of particles is Avogadro's Number, which is roughly 6.02x1023. Amedeo Avogadro, an Italian Physicist, discovered and created the number. He believed that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. This hypothesis then led to the concept of the mole and are important and helpful in chemistry because they allow scientists to count a large quantity of something small such as molecules. It also allowed for the calculation of the molecular weights of gases relative to some chosen standard. Avogadro and his contemporaries typically used the density of hydrogen gas as the standard for comparison.
Sources:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/388062/mole
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45884/Amedeo-Avogadro
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